Identify and briefly explain the ten cognitive distortions enumerated by Burns.

Psychologist David Burns identified ten forms of "twisted thinking" that create mental difficulties and contribute to depression and anxiety:

1. All-or-Nothing Thinking: Viewing situations in absolute black-and-white categories, where a minor shortfall equals total failure.
2. Overgeneralization: Treating a single negative event as part of an endless pattern of defeat based on limited evidence.
3. Mental Filter: Focusing exclusively on one negative detail while ignoring everything else — like a drop of ink darkening a glass of water.
4. Disqualifying the Positive: Rejecting positive experiences while maintaining negative beliefs despite contradicting evidence.
5. Jumping to Conclusions: Making negative interpretations without sufficient factual support — includes mind reading and fortune telling.
6. Mind Reading: Assuming someone thinks negatively of you without verification or evidence.
7. Fortuneteller Error: Assuming negative outcomes are predetermined facts based on prior predictions.
8. Magnification / Minimization: Exaggerating problems while shrinking positive qualities (the "binocular trick").
9. Emotional Reasoning: Treating emotions as evidence: "I feel it, therefore it must be true."
10. Should Statements: Using "musts" and "shoulds" as motivation, generating guilt and resentment when expectations are unmet.

Bonus: Burns also described Labeling/Mislabeling (attaching negative labels rather than describing specific behaviours) and Personalization (accepting responsibility for external events beyond your control).