Can you explain p-values and confidence intervals in simple terms?

A p-value indicates the probability that a given result might have occurred accidentally. A low p-value (usually < 0.05) gives stronger evidence against the null hypothesis (the case of 'no effect' or 'no difference').

A Confidence Interval (CI) is a range of values expected to contain the true value of the population parameter. A 95% confidence interval means that we are 95% confident the real value is somewhere within that interval. Together, these concepts enable assessment of your findings' reliability and significance.